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LS(1)                                                       LS(1)


NAME
       ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories

SYNOPSIS
       ls  [-abcdfgiklmnpqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols]
       [-I pattern] [--all]  [--escape]  [--directory]  [--inode]
       [--kilobytes]  [--numeric-uid-gid]  [--no-group]  [--hide-
       control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tab¡
       size=cols]  [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify]
       [--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern] [--derefer¡
       ence]     [--literal]     [--quote-name]     [--recursive]
       [--sort={none,time,size,extension}]   [--format={long,ver¡
       bose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
       [--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--help]  [--ver¡
       sion]  [--color[={yes,no,tty}]]  [--colour[={yes,no,tty}]]
       [name...]

DESCRIPTION
       This documentation is no longer being maintained  and  may
       be inaccurate or incomplete.  The Texinfo documentation is
       now the authoritative source.

       This manual page documents the GNU version of ls.  dir and
       vdir are versions of ls with different default output for¡
       mats.  These programs list each given  file  or  directory
       name.   Directory contents are sorted alphabetically.  For
       ls, files are by default listed in columns, sorted  verti¡
       cally,  if  the  standard  output is a terminal; otherwise
       they are listed one per  line.   For  dir,  files  are  by
       default  listed  in columns, sorted vertically.  For vdir,
       files are by default listed in long format.

   OPTIONS
       -a, --all
              List all files in directories, including all  files
              that start with `.'.

       -b, --escape
              Quote  nongraphic  characters  in  file names using
              alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
              used in C.

       -c, --time=ctime, --time=status
              Sort  directory  contents  according  to the files'
              status change  time  instead  of  the  modification
              time.   If  the  long listing format is being used,
              print the status change time instead of the modifi¡
              cation time.

       -d, --directory
              List  directories  like  other  files,  rather than
              listing their contents.

       -f     Do  not  sort  directory  contents;  list  them  in
              whatever  order  they  are stored on the disk.  The
              same as enabling -a and -U and  disabling  -l,  -s,
              and -t.

       --full-time
              List  times in full, rather than using the standard
              abbreviation heuristics.

       -g     Ignored; for Unix compatibility.

       -i, --inode
              Print the index number of each file to the left  of
              the file name.

       -k, --kilobytes
              If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo¡
              bytes.  This  overrides  the  environment  variable
              POSIXLY_CORRECT.

       -l, --format=long, --format=verbose
              In  addition  to  the  name of each file, print the
              file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
              name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
              modification time unless other times are selected).
              For  files  with  a time that is more than 6 months
              old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times¡
              tamp  contains the year instead of the time of day.

       -m, --format=commas
              List files horizontally, with as many as  will  fit
              on each line, separated by commas.

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              List  the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.

       -p     Append a character to each file name indicating the
              file type.

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              Print  question marks instead of nongraphic charac¡
              ters in file names.

       -r, --reverse
              Sort directory contents in reverse order.

       -s, --size
              Print the size of each file in  1K  blocks  to  the
              left of the file name.  If the environment variable
              POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte  blocks  are  used
              instead.

       -t, --sort=time
              Sort  directory  contents  by  timestamp instead of
              alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.

       -u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use
              Sort  directory  contents  according  to the files'
              last access time instead of the modification  time.
              If the long listing format is being used, print the
              last access time instead of the modification  time.

       -x, --format=across, --format=horizontal
              List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.

       -A, --almost-all
              List  all  files in directories, except for `.' and
              `..'.

       -B, --ignore-backups
              Do not list files that end with  `~',  unless  they
              are given on the command line.

       -C, --format=vertical
              List files in columns, sorted vertically.

       -F, --classify
              Append a character to each file name indicating the
              file type.  For regular files that are  executable,
              append a `*'.  The file type indicators are `/' for
              directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
              `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.

       -G, --no-group
              Inhibit display of group information in a long for¡
              mat directory listing.

       -L, --dereference
              List the files linked to by symbolic links  instead
              of listing the contents of the links.

       -N, --literal
              Do not quote file names.

       -Q, --quote-name
              Enclose  file names in double quotes and quote non¡
              graphic characters as in C.

       -R, --recursive
              List the contents of all directories recursively.

       -S, --sort=size
              Sort directory contents by  file  size  instead  of
              alphabetically,   with  the  largest  files  listed
              first.

       -U, --sort=none
              Do not sort directory contents; list them in  what¡
              ever  order  they  are  stored  on  the disk.  This
              option is not called -f  because  the  Unix  ls  -f
              option also enables -a and disables -l, -s, and -t.
              It seems useless and ugly to group those  unrelated
              things  together  in one option.  Since this option
              doesn't do that, it has a different name.

       -X, --sort=extension
              Sort  directory  contents  alphabetically  by  file
              extension  (characters  after  the last `.'); files
              with no extension are sorted first.

       -1, --format=single-column
              List one file per line.

       -w, --width cols
              Assume  the  screen  is  cols  columns  wide.   The
              default is taken from the terminal driver if possi¡
              ble; otherwise the environment variable COLUMNS  is
              used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.

       -T, --tabsize cols
              Assume that each tabstop is cols columns wide.  The
              default is 8.

       -I, --ignore pattern
              Do not list files whose names match the shell  pat¡
              tern  pattern  unless they are given on the command
              line.  As in the shell, an initial `.' in  a  file¡
              name does not match a wildcard at the start of pat¡
              tern.

       --color, --colour, --color=yes, --colour=yes
              Colorize the names of files depending on  the  type
              of file.  See DISPLAY COLORIZATION below.

       --color=tty, --colour=tty
              Same  as  --color  but only if standard output is a
              terminal.  This is very useful  for  shell  scripts
              and  command  aliases,  especially if your favorite
              pager does not support color control codes.

       --color=no, --colour=no
              Disables colorization.  This is the default.   Pro¡
              vided to override a previous color option.

       --help Print  a  usage message on standard output and exit
              successfully.

       --version
              Print version information on standard  output  then
              exit successfully.

   DISPLAY COLORIZATION
       When  using  the  --color  option, this version of ls will
       colorize the file names printed according to the name  and
       type  of  file.   By default, this colorization is by type
       only, and the codes used are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant.

       You can override the default colors by defining the  envi¡
       ronment variable LS_COLORS (or LS_COLOURS).  The format of
       this variable is reminicent of the termcap(5) file format;
       a   colon-separated   list  of  expressions  of  the  form
       "xx=string", where "xx" is a two-character variable  name.
       The variables with their associated defaults are:

         no       0       Normal (non-filename) text
         fi       0       Regular file
         di       32      Directory
         ln       36      Symbolic link
         pi       31      Named pipe (FIFO)
         so       33      Socket
         bd       44;37   Block device
         cd       44;37   Character device
         ex       35      Executable file
         mi       (none)  Missing file (defaults to fi)
         or       (none)  Orphanned symbolic link (defaults to ln)
         lc       \e[    Left code
         rc       m       Right code
         ec       (none)  End code (replaces lc+no+rc)

       You  only need to include the variables you want to change
       from the default.

       File names can also be colorized based on filename  exten¡
       sion.   This  is specified in the LS_COLORS variable using
       the syntax "*ext=string".  For  example,  using  ISO  6429
       codes, to color all C-language source files blue you would
       specify "*.c=34".  This would color all files ending in .c
       in blue (34) color.

       Control  characters  can  be  written  either  in  C-style
       \-escaped notation, or in stty-like  ^-notation.   The  C-
       style  notation  adds \e for Escape, \_ for a normal space
       characer, and \? for Delete.  In addition,  the  \  escape
       character  can be used to override the default interpreta¡
       tion of \, ^, : and =.

       Each file will be written as <lc> <color code> <rc> <file¡
       name>  <ec>.   If the <ec> code is undefined, the sequence
       <lc> <no> <rc> will be used instead.   This  is  generally
       more convenient to use, but less general.  The left, right
       and end codes are provided so you don't have to type  com¡
       mon  parts over and over again and to support weird termi¡
       nals; you will generally not need to change  them  at  all
       unless your terminal does not use ISO 6429 color sequences
       but a different system.

       If your terminal does use ISO 6429 color  codes,  you  can
       compose the type codes (i.e. all except the lc, rc, and ec
       codes) from numerical commands  separated  by  semicolons.
       The most common commands are:

          0     to restore default color
          1     for brighter colors
          4     for underlined text
          5     for flashing text
         30     for black foreground
         31     for red foreground
         32     for green foreground
         33     for yellow (or brown) foreground
         34     for blue foreground
         35     for purple foreground
         36     for cyan foreground
         37     for white (or gray) foreground
         40     for black background
         41     for red background
         42     for green background
         43     for yellow (or brown) background
         44     for blue background
         45     for purple background
         46     for cyan background
         47     for white (or gray) background

       Not  all  commands  will  work  on  all systems or display
       devices.

       A few terminal programs do not recognize the  default  end
       code  properly.  If all text gets colorized after you do a
       directory listing, try changing the no and fi codes from 0
       to  the  numerical codes for your standard fore- and back¡
       ground colors.